Persian Gulf Trade, the active maritime trading of the 3rd and early 2nd millennia BC between Mesopotamia - especially Lagash (TELLO) and UR - and three places whose names appear at various times in the Cuneiform texts of southern Mesopotamia: Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha.

The combination of textual evidence and archaeological analysis indicates that Dilmun corresponds to the Barbar culture area in the Persian Gulf, and that Magan probably relates to the Umm An-Nar and related cultures in South-Western Arabia (possibly extending to the southern coast of Iran); less certainly, Meluhha is usually identified in the Harappan culture area.

To Southern Mesopotamia, the Persian Gulf trade was a principal source of copper produced in Magan (see Maysar), as well as a variety of semi-precious stones and other goods shipped from the Iranian Plateau and elsewhere; the chief products exported from Mesopotamia were textiles and grain. Owing to the commercial wealth generated by this trade, and to the abundant artesian water of the place, Dilmun also held an important place in Sumerian mythology, as a sort of Eden.